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Kidney cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the kidneys. The kidneys are two organs that help remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. They also play an important role in controlling blood pressure and making certain hormones.

Kidney cancer may not cause clear symptoms in its early stages. In some cases, it is found by chance during an imaging test done for another health problem. Knowing the possible symptoms and risk factors can help people understand when they should speak with a healthcare professional.

What Is Kidney Cancer?

Kidney cancer develops when abnormal cells in the kidney begin to grow and divide without normal control. The most common type in adults is renal cell carcinoma, which begins in cells lining small tubes inside the kidney.

Kidney cancer can sometimes remain small and contained within the kidney. In other cases, it can grow into nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body.

What Are the Symptoms of Kidney Cancer?

Kidney cancer does not always cause symptoms at first. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

Blood in the Urine

Blood in the urine, known as hematuria, can be a possible warning sign. The urine may appear pink, red, or darker than usual. Blood in the urine can also have many other causes, so it should be checked by a healthcare professional.

Pain in the Side or Lower Back

Some people may experience ongoing pain or pressure in the side, back, or area below the ribs. Pain can have many possible causes and does not automatically mean cancer.

Unexplained Weight Loss

Losing weight without trying can sometimes occur with kidney cancer and other medical conditions. Persistent or unexplained weight loss should be discussed with a doctor.

Tiredness

Some people may experience ongoing fatigue or weakness. This can also happen with many other health problems.

Loss of Appetite

A reduced interest in food or feeling full sooner than usual can occur in some people with kidney cancer.

Fever

An unexplained fever that continues or keeps returning may sometimes be associated with kidney cancer. However, infections and many other conditions are much more common causes of fever.

A Lump or Swelling

In some cases, a lump or swelling may be felt in the abdomen or side. This is not a common early symptom but should be evaluated if it occurs.

What Are the Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer?

A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. Having a risk factor does not mean that a person will definitely develop kidney cancer.

Some known risk factors include:

Smoking

Smoking can increase the risk of kidney cancer. Quitting smoking can reduce health risks and improve overall health.

Excess Body Weight

Being overweight or having obesity is linked with a higher risk of kidney cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight may help lower the risk.

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure has been associated with an increased risk of kidney cancer. Keeping blood pressure under control is important for kidney and heart health.

Family History

Having a close family member with kidney cancer may increase a person's risk. Certain inherited conditions can also increase the likelihood of developing kidney cancer.

Certain Inherited Conditions

Some rare genetic conditions can raise the risk of kidney cancer. People with a strong family history or a known inherited condition may be advised to discuss genetic counseling with a healthcare professional.

Long-Term Kidney Problems

Certain long-term kidney conditions and treatments, including long-term dialysis, may increase the risk of kidney cancer.

How Is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?

There is no single test that can diagnose every case of kidney cancer. Doctors usually begin by asking about symptoms and medical history and performing a physical examination.

Blood and Urine Tests

Blood and urine tests can provide information about kidney function and may help doctors look for other possible causes of symptoms.

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests are often important when kidney cancer is suspected. These may include ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI scans. They can help doctors see the kidneys and identify unusual growths or masses.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue so it can be examined under a microscope. A biopsy is not always needed before treatment because imaging may provide enough information in some situations.

Can Kidney Cancer Be Prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent kidney cancer. However, certain healthy habits may help reduce the risk.

Avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, eating a balanced diet, and managing blood pressure can support overall health.

People with a strong family history of kidney cancer should talk with a healthcare professional about their individual risk.

FAQs

Is kidney cancer common?

Kidney cancer is one of the more common cancers affecting the urinary system, but many kidney masses are found before they cause symptoms.

Can kidney cancer be found early?

Yes. Some kidney cancers are discovered early during imaging tests performed for unrelated reasons. Early detection can provide more treatment options.

Does blood in the urine always mean kidney cancer?

No. Blood in the urine can have many causes, including urinary infections, kidney stones, and other conditions. A healthcare professional should evaluate unexplained blood in the urine.

Can smoking increase the risk of kidney cancer?

Yes. Smoking is a recognized risk factor for kidney cancer. Avoiding or quitting tobacco can help reduce the risk.

Can a person live with one kidney?

Yes. Many people can live healthy lives with one functioning kidney. Treatment for kidney cancer may sometimes involve removing part or all of a kidney, depending on the cancer and the person's situation.

Conclusion

Kidney cancer can be difficult to recognize in its early stages because it may not cause obvious symptoms. Blood in the urine, ongoing side or back pain, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and changes in appetite are some possible warning signs.